Abstract
We compared four methods for identification of Haemonchus contortus eggs. With increased trade in animals within and between countries and continents, it has become important to correctly identify H. contortus eggs in fecal samples. To validate the outcome of diagnostic tests, sheep feces (n = 38) were collected from naturally infected flocks in Sweden. Subsamples were analyzed with (a) McMaster egg counting; (b) differential counting of eggs after staining with peanut agglutinin (PNA); (c) detection of DNA following amplification by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); and (d) loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Differences between similar tests (microscopic and molecular) and SD (±SD) were analyzed with Bland–Altman plots and Spearman rank correlation. Strongylid egg counts ranged from 200 to 12,100 eggs per gram (epg) (mean epg ± SD = 1,278 ± 2,049). Microscopy showed presence of H. contortus eggs in 27 (73%) unstained samples and in 28 (76%) samples stained with PNA, whereas 29 samples (78%) tested positive in LAMP and 34 (91%) in qPCR analysis. The cycle threshold (Ct) values with LAMP ranged between 13 and 38 (mean ± SD = 21 ± 7), and those in qPCR between 25 and 49 (mean ± SD = 33 ± 6). In the LAMP and qPCR analyses, seven (19%) and three (8%) samples, respectively, had a cycle threshold (Ct) >35, whereas no reactions were observed in eight (22%) and three (8%) samples, respectively. There was good agreement between the diagnostic tests based on microscopic examination and DNA detection, although the molecular tests were more sensitive. The bias between the microscopy methods (−4.2 ± 11) was smaller than for the molecular tests (−9.8 ± 10). The observed ranking in terms of test sensitivity was: McMaster counting by conventional microscopy < PNA < LAMP < qPCR. In conclusion, H. contortus can be identified by McMaster counting, without major mistakes regarding false positive results. However, molecular methods provide the capacity to diagnose H. contortus eggs with increased accuracy. This is essential when animals are investigated in quarantine or in studies evaluating anthelmintic treatment efficacy. These methods could also be applied to fecal samples from wildlife to investigate nematode transmission between wildlife and livestock.
Highlights
Haemonchus contortus is a cosmopolitan blood-feeding parasite in the abomasum of ruminants
The mean epg ± SD in these groups was: 328 ± 82 in Low, 720 ± 180 in Medium, and 3,600 ± 3,673 in High, and the proportion of H. contortus eggs was 69 ± 34, 85 ± 17, and 90 ± 8%, respectively (Figure 1B). Both the egg counts and the proportion of eggs classified as H. contortus differed significantly (p < 0.0001) between the groups. These results were basically confirmed by lectin staining, which showed that only two out of 209 eggs (1%) were peanut agglutinin (PNA)-positive in one of the 10 samples deemed to be H. contortus-negative following McMaster examination
Lectin-stained eggs were found in all samples in the three groups (Low, Medium, and High) identified as being H. contortus-positive
Summary
Haemonchus contortus is a cosmopolitan blood-feeding parasite in the abomasum of ruminants. It is recognized as one of the greatest health problems in small ruminants, leading to reduced production and loss of income for farmers throughout the world [1]. Recent studies of small ruminants have identified the presence of multidrug resistant H. contortus in Sweden [2]. This makes correct diagnosis of this damaging parasite in feces samples more critical than ever. Parasitological screening of the abomasal contents have been used to detect H. contortus, in samples from wild deer [5], and helped demonstrate the transmission of anthelmintic-resistant parasites between livestock and wildlife
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