Abstract
Laparoscopic instruments have limited haptics feedback. Hence, novices tend to exert excessive force which leads to tissue trauma. In laparoscopic surgery, no external information is available on the magnitude of excessive force. Therefore, novices should be trained to accurately perceive their own force output. This study analyzed the force perception of 18 novices in the absence of external information, by comparing the isometric force matching performance of index finger (i.e. used in conventional procedures) in extended arm posture with that of laparoscopic instrument in a force-based probing task. The study also examined the effect of handedness on force perception. A contra-lateral force matching paradigm was employed to analyze the matching performance of the novice subjects. Interestingly, matching error was found to be lower for laparoscopic instrument. An effect of handedness was visible for laparoscopic instrument only. The dominant hand overestimated the forces of non-dominant hand. The results can be used as a performance metric to evaluate the force perception of novices in laparoscopic force skills-training tasks.
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