Abstract
Perceived discrimination is one of the reasons behind racial/ethnic health disparities. However, less is known about racial and ethnic groups differ in social determinants of discrimination. This study aimed to compare the association between household income and perceived discrimination among American children of different racial/ethnic groups. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a national longitudinal study, followed 4383 children 9-10 years old who were either European American, African American, Asian American, or mixed/other race for one year. We compared racial and ethnic groups for the association between baseline household income and perceived discrimination at the end of one year follow up. We used ANOVA and linear regression for data analysis. The outcome was perceived discrimination. The predictor was household income. Covariates were age, gender, and parental marital status. The moderator was race/ethnicity. In the total sample, high household income was associated with less perceived discrimination. There was an interaction between race and household income, suggesting a difference in the association between household income and perceived discrimination between African American and European American children. The inverse association between household income and perceived discrimination was weaker for African American than European American children. High-income African American children are not well protected against perceived discrimination. High exposure to perceived discrimination may explain the worse expected health and development of middle-class African American children. As discrimination is a major social determinant of health, the results have considerable implications for public and health policy.
Highlights
Perceived discrimination is one of the reasons behind ethnic health disparities
African American children reported the highest levels of perceived discrimination, and European American children reported the lowest levels of discrimination
This model suggests the association between household income and perceived discrimination is significantly different between European American and African American adults (Figure 2)
Summary
Perceived discrimination is one of the reasons behind ethnic health disparities. less is known about racial and ethnic groups differ in social determinants of discrimination. Socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as household income protect most populations from poor health.[1] The Minorities’ Diminishing Returns (MDRs) phenomenon,[2,3] refers to smaller returns of SES for racial minorities relative to European Americans.[4] These MDRs are robust as they are observed in all age groups, from childhood to older adulthood.[4] As a result of these MDRs, we observe increased risk of depression in middle-class minority individuals.[5] Researchers such as Oliver and Shapiro[6] and Hamilton and Darity[7] have described a substantial wealth gap between racial and ethnic minority and European American families. We know even less about the experiences of perceived discrimination among children from high income minority backgrounds.[9]
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