Abstract

Due to their good mechanical stability compared to gelatin, collagen or polyethylene glycol nanofibers and slow degradation rate, biodegradable poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) nanofibers are promising material as scaffolds for bone and soft-tissue engineering. Here, PCL nanofibers were prepared by the electrospinning method and then subjected to surface functionalization aimed at improving their biocompatibility and bioactivity. For surface modification, two approaches were used: (i) COOH-containing polymer was deposited on the PCL surface using atmospheric pressure plasma copolymerization of CO2 and C2H4, and (ii) PCL nanofibers were coated with multifunctional bioactive nanostructured TiCaPCON film by magnetron sputtering of TiC–CaO–Ti3POx target. To evaluate bone regeneration ability in vitro, the surface-modified PCL nanofibers were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF, 1×) for 21 days. The results obtained indicate different osteoblastic and epithelial cell response depending on the modification method. The TiCaPCON-coated PCL nanofibers exhibited enhanced adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, promoted the formation of Ca-based mineralized layer in SBF and, therefore, can be considered as promising material for bone tissue regeneration. The PCL–COOH nanofibers demonstrated improved adhesion and proliferation of IAR-2 cells, which shows their high potential for skin reparation and wound dressing.

Highlights

  • Tissue engineering is one of the most important areas of modern medicine aimed at healing or replacement of damaged tissues and organs by age, disease, or trauma [1]

  • The results indicated that COOH surface plasma polymerization and TiCaPCON thin film deposition significantly improve the biocompatibility of PCL nanofibers

  • Deposition of a thin TiCaPCON film resulted in improved adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells compared with COOH-modified PCL nanofibers

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Summary

Introduction

Tissue engineering is one of the most important areas of modern medicine aimed at healing or replacement of damaged tissues and organs by age, disease, or trauma [1]. Nanomaterials 2019, 9, 1769 sputtering with carefully optimized processing parameters is an effective method to coat biodegradable polymer with highly adhesive biocompatible film [21] Another promising approach for the PCL surface modification is COOH plasma polymerization. Two approaches to endow PCL with enhance bioactivity were used and compared: (i) atmospheric pressure plasma copolymerization of CO2 and C2H4 to form COOH-containing polymer and (ii) magnetron sputtering of TiC–CaO–Ti3POx target to deposit TiCaPCON film. Proliferation tests using two types of cells, namely MC3T3 osteoblastic and IAR-2 epithelial cells, were carried out to evaluate possible scaffold applications as bone fillers or wound dressing

Electrospinning of Poly-ε-Caprolactone (PCL) Nanofibers
Deposition of TiCaPCON Film
Deposition of COOH Plasma Polymers
Biomineralization of PCL Nanofibrous Scaffolds
Material Characterization
Proliferation of MC3T3-E1 Osteoblastic and IAR-2 Epithelial Cells
Cytocompatibility
Mineralization Method
Findings
Conclusions
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