Comparison of cycloplegic refraction between Grand Seiko autorefractor and Retinomax autorefractor in the Vision in Preschoolers–Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Study

Abstract

To evaluate the agreement of cycloplegic refractive error measures between the Grand Seiko and Retinomax autorefractors in 4- and 5-year-old children. Cycloplegic refractive error of children was measured using the Grand Seiko and Retinomax during a comprehensive eye examination. Accommodative error was measured using the Grand Seiko. The differences in sphere, cylinder, spherical equivalent (SE) and intereye vector dioptric distance (VDD) between autorefractors were assessed using the Bland-Altman plot and 95% limits of agreement (95% LoA). A total of 702 examinations were included. Compared to the Retinomax, the Grand Seiko provided statistically significantly larger values of sphere (mean difference, 0.34 D; 95% LoA, -0.46 to 1.14 D), SE (mean, 0.25 D; 95% LoA, -0.55 to 1.05 D), VDD (mean, 0.19 D; 95% LoA, -0.67 to 1.05 D), and more cylinder (mean, -0.18 D; 95% LoA, -0.91 to 0.55 D). The Grand Seiko measured ≥0.5 D than Retinomax in 43.1% of eyes for sphere and 29.8% of eyes for SE. In multivariate analysis, eyes with SE of >4 D (based on the average of two autorefractors) had larger differences in sphere (mean, 0.66 D vs 0.35 D; P<0.0001) and SE (0.57 D vs 0.26 D; P<0.0001) than eyes with SE of ≤4 D. Under cycloplegia, the Grand Seiko provided higher measures of sphere, more cylinder, and higher SE than the Retinomax. Higher refractive error was associated with larger differences in sphere and SE between the Grand Seiko and Retinomax.