Abstract
The anti-microbial activity of calcium hydroxide pastes used in endodontics is dependent on establishing high levels of hydroxyl ions in dentine. This study investigated hydroxyl ion diffusion from different commercial calcium hydroxide pastes using a novel colourimetric method. In this method, human tooth roots were stained with anthocyanin dye, which changed their colour according to the local pH conditions. Prepared root canals were filled with pastes formulated with the vehicle of water (Pulpdent™, Calasept Plus™), polyethylene glycol (PEG) (Calmix™) or a mixture of water, PEG and ibuprofen (Odontocide™). The changes in dye colour at fixed distances from the canal wall were monitored using standardised digital photography over a period of 3 weeks. A repeated measures analysis tracked changes in each root from baseline. Release of hydroxyl ions varied between the different commercial compositions containing water or PEG as solvents. The colour changes in the dentine, due to released hydroxyl ions, were greatest and more prolonged for completely non-aqueous compositions, when using PEG 400 as the vehicle. When water was present in the product, the duration of the pH changes was shorter. This was attributed to the presence of hydroxyl ions in the water (the common-ion effect) and a more vigorous buffering of hydroxyl ions by dentine proteins.
Highlights
Calcium hydroxide medicament pastes are used widely in endodontics because hydroxyl ion release exerts broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against most pathogens found in the root canal
Due to the presence of free hydroxyl ions within the water itself, the common-ion effect limits the maximum solubility of calcium hydroxide to 0.159 g/100 mL (0.16%) at 25 ◦ C, which reduces with increasing temperature [4]
The results of this study show variations between the hydroxyl ion release dynamics of different commercial calcium hydroxide pastes
Summary
Calcium hydroxide medicament pastes are used widely in endodontics because hydroxyl ion release exerts broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against most pathogens found in the root canal.Hydroxyl ions can penetrate biofilms, inhibit the inflammatory actions of endotoxins and help to dissolve organic tissues [1,2,3]. Calcium hydroxide medicament pastes are used widely in endodontics because hydroxyl ion release exerts broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against most pathogens found in the root canal. The release of hydroxyl ions from calcium hydroxide pastes is the key factor responsible for antimicrobial activity. Due to the presence of free hydroxyl ions within the water itself, the common-ion effect limits the maximum solubility of calcium hydroxide to 0.159 g/100 mL (0.16%) at 25 ◦ C, which reduces with increasing temperature [4]. Most commercial calcium hydroxide pastes, using a water base, contain excess calcium hydroxide content above the solubility limit. This excess can act as a thickening agent but does not contribute greatly to the therapeutic effects [1]
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