Abstract
Paeonia suffruticosa is an ornamental, edible, and medicinal plant. The ethanolic extracts of P. suffruticosa bud and flower were examined for their antioxidant, anti-photoaging, and phytochemical properties prior to chemometric analysis. The results showed that the bud ethanolic extract (BEE) and the flower (the early flowering stage) ethanolic extract (FEE) had better antioxidant activities, and significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the skin tissues. In total, 68 compounds, including 20 flavonoids, 15 phenolic derivatives, 12 terpenoids, 9 fatty acids, and 12 others were identified or tentatively identified by ultra-fast liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UFLC-Q-TOF-MS). Gallic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloyl glucose, paeoniflorin, and oxypaeoniflorin were predominant compounds in the extracts. Taken together, P. suffruticosa flowers are a candidate for functional material in food and health related industries, and their optimal time to harvest is before the early flowering stage.
Highlights
Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation is one of the most effective constituents of solar light, and has become the primary source of oxidative stress to humans
Total phenolic content in the flowers had a trend of gradual decrease during the flowering stage of P. suffruticosa
The contents of luteolin (53) in bud ethanolic extract (BEE), flower ethanolic extract (FEE), and stamen ethanolic extract (SEE) were lower than 0.16 mg/g ext., approximately one eighth of that in petal ethanolic extract (PEE). These results indicated that gallic acid (5) and 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloyl glucose (35) were predominant compounds in ethanolic extracts of P. suffruticosa flowers, especially BEE
Summary
Ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation is one of the most effective constituents of solar light, and has become the primary source of oxidative stress to humans. UVB generally impacts the basal layer of epidermal skin and causes premature skin photoaging, local and systemic immunosuppression, cutaneous inflammatory disorders, and photocarcinogenesis [1]. It is concluded that oxidative stress is a problem of skin cells and that endogenous and exogenous antioxidants could play an important role in decreasing it [2]. A large number of phytochemicals obtained from plants could reduce the harmful effects of oxidative stress and help to prevent the photoaging of skin [3,4]. There is increasing interest in the antioxidant properties of phytochemicals found in plant foods
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