Comparison of CD271 (Adapalene) and All-Trans Retinoic Acid in Human Skin: Dissociation of Epidermal Effects and CRABP-II mRNA Expression

Abstract

A new synthetic retinoid analogue, adapalene (6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-methoxyphenyl]-2-naphthoic acid, CD271), which is relatively selective for retinoic acid receptor beta, was noted to be an effective comedolytic agent in the rhino mouse model and to have clinical efficacy against acne. In pursuit of this observation, we studied the effects of CD271 on the development of erythema, spongiosis, and epidermal hyperplasia as well as other well-characterized markers of in vivo retinoid action after 4 d of occluded topical treatment. The objective of the study was to elucidate further those parameters associated with potential clinical efficacy. Twenty-five subjects were treated with 0.1% all-trans retinoic acid cream, all-trans retinoic acid vehicle, 0.1% CD271 gel, or CD271 vehicle under occlusion for 4 d. Only all-trans retinoic acid induced erythema (p < 0.01 versus all other treatments). Similarly, histologic analysis revealed that epidermal hyperplasia and spongiosis were induced only by all-trans retinoic acid (p < 0.01 versus all other treatments). By immunohistochemical analysis: all-trans retinoic acid increased expression of epidermal transglutaminase, involucrin, and calgranulin (p < 0.05 versus all other treatments). In contrast to these data, both CD271 and all-trans retinoic acid caused marked and significant (p < 0.05) elevation of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein-II (CRABP-II) messenger ribonucleic acid steady-state levels as judged by quantitative RNA blot analysis. Although CD271 treatment did not lead to erythema or affect epidermal morphology, its ability to induce a marker of retinoid action (i.e., CRABP-II) was 70% the potency of all-trans retinoic acid. This study suggests that CRABP-II gene expression may be a more sensitive indicator of retinoid biologic activity in skin than are erythema or changes in epidermal morphology and differentiation.