Abstract
Abstract Objectives It was aimed to compare Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), Alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), Total Immunoglobulin M (Total IgM), Total Immunoglobulin G (Total IgG), Galectin-3 (Gal3), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 IgG (SARS-CoV-2 IgG) levels in patients with COVID-19 and healthy individuals. Methods The study included a total of 86 participants, 44 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test and 42 as the control group. AAT, AGP, Total IgM, and Total IgG levels were measured using the immunoturbidimetric method. Gal3 and SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were measured using the chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method. Results AAT, AGP, Total IgG, Gal3, and SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels were found to be significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (p<0.001 for all tests). In the patient group, there was a moderate correlation between AAT-AGP and SARS-CoV-2 IgG-AAT (r=0.692; r=0.561, respectively). Conclusions High levels of AAT, AGP, Total IgG, Gal3, and SARS-CoV-2 IgG in the patient group and correlations between variables suggest that these parameters may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and provide an idea about the prognosis of the disease. However, new studies on this subject are needed in order to clearly reveal the laboratory tests related to the clinical course of the disease.
Highlights
A number of unexplained cases of pneumonia rapidly spreading worldwide with a high fatality, though not at the level of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV) or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), were reported in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 [1, 2]
In the study, which we aimed to investigate the relationship between COVID-19 disease and the levels of these tests by comparing the Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT), acid glycoprotein (AGP), Total IgM, Total IgG, Gal3, and SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels in patients with COVID-19 and healthy individuals, we found that AAT, AGP, Total IgG, Gal3 and SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels in the patient group were statistically significantly higher than the control group
When we examine the relationships between variables in the patient group, we determined a moderate correlation between AAT-AGP and SARS-CoV-2 IgG-AAT, while a low level of correlation between Total IgM-Total IgG, Gal3-AAT, SARS-CoV-2-Total IgM, SARS-CoV-2 IgG-AGP, Gal3-SARSCoV-2 IgG, and Gal3-AGP
Summary
A number of unexplained cases of pneumonia rapidly spreading worldwide with a high fatality, though not at the level of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV) or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), were reported in Wuhan, China at the end of 2019 [1, 2]. Since the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 is longer (approximately two weeks) than SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, while the risk of transmission and the number of cases increases, the number of deaths is increasing exponentially due to viral sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and multi-organ failure [5] Because of these severe clinics, it is very important to determine the severity of COVID-19, investigate potential risk factors, and delay or halt the progression of the disease. Studies have shown that cytokine storm, which plays a role in severe influenza, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, may cause severe cases such as acute lung damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even multi-organ dysfunction during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These studies have shown that patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection have higher levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-10, and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) than those with a mild form of the disease [6, 7]
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