Comparison of barriers to cessation among Arab American smokers of cigarettes and waterpipe.

Linda Haddad,Omar El-Shahawy,Roula Ghadban

doi:10.3390/ijerph110909522

Abstract

This cross-sectional study examined the differences in barriers to cessation and reasons for quitting smoking among dual smokers of cigarettes and waterpipe tobacco, exclusive cigarette smokers and exclusive waterpipe smokers. Participants were Arab American adults residing in Richmond, Virginia, who were recruited from Middle Eastern grocery stores, restaurants/lounges and faith and charity organizations. The study yielded several key findings: (1) Exclusive cigarette and waterpipe smokers had similar mean barriers to quitting and were more concerned about their health than dual smokers. (F(2, 150) = 5.594, p = 0.0045). This implies that barriers to smoking and health concerns could be a function of the individual who smokes rather than the modality of smoking itself. (2) Exclusive cigarette or waterpipe smokers and dual smokers may have different reasons for quitting, since they have different reasons for smoking. The proportion of smokers who endorsed smoking as a messy habit as the reason among exclusive cigarette smokers was 0.37, whereas the proportion among exclusive waterpipe smokers was 0.04 and among dual smokers 0.39. The difference in proportions is significant, χ2 (df = 2, N = 154) = 13.17, p = 0.0014. In summary, this study supports the need to further investigate dual cigarette and waterpipe smokers, as the study results indicate greater barriers to smoking cessation in this group. Recognition and understanding of these barriers among dual tobacco users would be important for any future tobacco intervention among waterpipe smokers.

Highlights

Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is growing steadily on a global level [1,2,3], including in the United States (U.S.) [4,5,6]
We have focused on Arab Americans since the prevalence of waterpipe smoking is thought to be higher among them, due to cultural reasons, and this would enable easier recruitment of waterpipe users
With respect to other barriers, the findings raised a poignant question: do dual smokers have more barriers to smoking cessation because they use more tobacco products or because they are more addicted to nicotine? This cause/effect relationship, which was beyond the scope of our study, represents an important avenue for future research

Summary

Introduction

Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is growing steadily on a global level [1,2,3], including in the United States (U.S.) [4,5,6]. Unlike cigarette smoking, is variable [7,8], due to the differences in the length, frequency and depth of inhalation [9,10]. Both cigarette smoking and WTS lead to dependence [9,11,12], but WTS has a strong social aspect that makes it appealing and addicting to users [13,14]. 18.1% [11,15], and waterpipe smoking is considered to be 8.8% [16].

Objectives

Results

Conclusion