Comparison of ARTMAP Neural Networks for Classification for Face Recognition from Video

Abstract

In video-based of face recognition applications, the What-and-Where Fusion Neural Network (WWFNN) has been shown to reduce the generalization error by accumulating a classifier’s predictions over time, according to each individual in the environment. In this paper, three ARTMAP variants – fuzzy ARTMAP, ART-EMAP (Stage 1) and ARTMAP-IC – are compared for the classification of faces detected in the WWFNN. ART-EMAP (stage 1) and ARTMAP-IC expand on the well-known fuzzy ARTMAP by using distributed activation of category neurons, and by biasing distributed predictions according to the number of time these neurons are activated by training set patterns. The average performance of the WWFNNs with each ARTMAP network is compared to the WWFNN with a reference k-NN classifier in terms of generalization error, convergence time and compression, using a data set of real-world video sequences. Simulations results indicate that when ARTMAP-IC is used inside the WWFNN, it can achieve a generalization error that is significantly higher (about 20% on average) than if fuzzy ARTMAP or ART-EMAP is used. Indeed, ARTMAP-IC is less discriminant than the two other ARTMAP networks in cases with complex decision bounderies, when the training data is limited and unbalanced, as found in complex video data. However, ARTMAP-IC can outperform the others when classes are designed with a larger number of training patterns.KeywordsFace RecognitionVideo SequenceTraining PatternGeneralization ErrorEvidence AccumulationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.