Comparison of arbuscular mycorrhizal and dark septate endophyte fungal associations in soils irrigated with pulp and paper mill effluent and well-water

Abstract

We compared arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungal associations in 2 crops and 31 weeds commonly occurring in pulp and paper mill effluent irrigated and well-water irrigated soils. Soil pH, organic C, N, P and K, were higher in pulp and paper mill effluent irrigated than in well-water irrigated soils. In contrast, the average AM fungal colonization, root length with AM fungal hyphae/hyphal coils, spore numbers and diversity were lower in pulp and paper mill effluent irrigated soils compared to well-water irrigated soils. However, no significant variation was found in DSE fungal colonization nor root length with AM fungal arbuscules/arbusculate coils and vesicles between pulp and paper mill effluent irrigated and well-water irrigated soils. A significant negative correlation existed between AM and DSE fungal colonization in both effluent and well-water irrigated soils. Twelve AM fungal spore morphotypes belonging to Acaulospora, Dentiscutata, Glomus, Racocetra and Scutellospora were isolated from the well-water irrigated soils, whereas spores of six morphotypes were isolated from effluent irrigated soils. AM fungal spore numbers were correlated significantly and positively to AM fungal colonization in effluent and well-water irrigated soils.