Comparison of Aqueous and Lactobacterial-Fermented Mercurialis perennis L. (Dog’s Mercury) Extracts with Respect to Their Immunostimulating Activity

Abstract

Lactic acid (LA) fermentation of dog’s mercury (M. perennis L.) herbal parts was investigated in samples inoculated with either Lactobacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus, LBF) or whey (WF). Depending on fermentation time, LA concentrations were monitored in a range of 3.4–15.6 g/L with a concomitant pH decline from 6.5 to 3.9. A broad spectrum of cinnamic acids depsides containing glucaric, malic and 2-hydroxyglutaric acids along with quercetin and kaempferol glycosides were detected by LC-DAD-ESI-MSn. Moreover, in this study novel constituents were also found both in unfermented and fermented extracts. Furthermore, amino acids and particular Lactobacteria metabolites such as biogenic amines (e.g., putrescine, 4-aminobutyric acid, cadaverine) and 5-oxoproline were assigned in WF extracts by GC-MS analysis after silylation. Enhanced NFκB and cytokine expression (IL-6, TNFα, IL-8 and IL-1β) was induced by all extracts, both non-fermented and fermented, in NFκB-THP-1 reporter cells, showing a concentration-dependent immunostimulatory effect. The WF extracts were tested for micronuclei formation in THP-1 cells and toxicity in luminescent bacteria (V. fischeri), whereby no mutagenic or toxic effects could be detected, which corroborates their safe use in pharmaceutical remedies.