Comparison of Antivirulence Activities of Black Ginseng against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus According to the Number of Repeated Steaming and Drying Cycles.

Dong-Yeul Kwon,Dae Young Lee,Ok-Hwa Kang,Geum-Soog Kim,Kwan-Woo Kim,Young-Seob Lee,Dahye Yoon

doi:10.3390/antibiotics10060617

Dong-Yeul Kwon, Dae Young Lee + Show 5 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060617

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Abstract

Korean ginseng has been widely used in Eastern medicine for thousands of years. The contents of the compounds in ginseng roots change depending on the amount of steaming and drying, and the drying method used. Black ginseng (BG) is the Korean ginseng processed by repeated steaming and drying. In this study, 5-year-old fresh Korean ginseng roots were steamed and dried 3 or 5 times, and we investigated how many cycles of steaming and drying are preferable for antivirulence activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As a result, the antivirulence activities was increased by the treatment of BG that was steamed and dried three times, and the effect was further increased by five-time processed BG. Moreover, an ELISA showed that the TNF-α production of RAW264.7 cells stimulated by MRSA supernatants was inhibited by subinhibitory concentrations of BG extract. The expression of Hla, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), an important virulence factor in the pathogenicity of MRSA, was found to decrease when bacterial cells were treated with BG extract. The antivirulence activities of BG were not simply due to pathogen growth inhibition; the BG extract was shown to decrease agrA, hla, sea, and seb expression in MRSA. Therefore, BG strongly reduces the secretion of the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus, suggesting that a BG-based structure may be used for the development of drugs aimed at staphylococcal virulence-related exoproteins. This study suggests that BG could be used as a promising natural compound in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Highlights

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common bacterial genus in hospitals and communities found on the anterior nares of 20 to 80% of the human population [1,2]
With an extraction method constructed in our previous study [28], UPLC-QTOF/MS was used to profile various metabolites, including ginsenosides, from BG3 and BG53. of 11 Methanol (70% v/v) was used to extract metabolites from the samples, and the extracts were subjected to UPLC-QTOF/MS in the negative ion mode
Tevheers,ewreshuylptsostheoswizethdatthBaGt BdGomesanyortehdauvce hthigehabainlittiybaocftSe.raiaulreaucstivity atgoaxinsttoMaRttSacAk.tHheohwoestv;ethr,ewreefohrey,ptootinhveesisztiegdattehtahtisB, GwemteasytedretdhueceefftehcteoafbBiGliteyxtorfacSt.oa4nuorfe1u2s totoxxiincsittyo-raetltaatecdk ftahcetohrossitn; tMheRrSeAfo.re, to investigate this, we tested the effect of Black ginseng (BG) extract on toxicity-related factors in methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA)

Summary

Introduction

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common bacterial genus in hospitals and communities found on the anterior nares of 20 to 80% of the human population [1,2]. The rapid global emergence of resistant pathogenic bacteria that cause fatal infectious diseases such as methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) is occurring, endangering the efficacy of antibiotics used in medical institutions [3,4]. This pathogen secretes toxins and exoenzymes that exacerbate acute infections such as sepsis, skin abscesses, and food poisoning, and toxins are a means of aggression by harmful bacteria that damage human tissue and cells [5,6]. SEs affect intestinal cells, which induces gastroenteritis, typically evoking vomiting, diarrhea, and intestinal or gastric inflammation [10,12]. The Agr locus has a direct positive impact on Hla expression [14]

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