Abstract
This study aimed to compare the effects of spirit vinegar and four types of natural fermented vinegar products (apple vinegar, brown rice vinegar, lemon vinegar, and balsamic vinegar) on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and obesity in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Vinegar inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. Body weight gains, visceral fat pad weights, serum leptin and triglyceride levels, and hepatic lipogenic enzyme mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the HF-vinegar administered groups compared with those in the HF group. Furthermore, oral administration of vinegars significantly reduced the occurrence of fatty liver deposits and steatosis, and inhibited the HF diet-induced increase in adipocyte size. The anti-obesity and lipid-lowering effects were slightly greater in the HF-natural fermented vinegar groups than in the HF-spirit vinegar group. Apple vinegar had the strongest anti-obesity effects in 3T3-L1 cells and obese rats compared with the other tested vinegars. These findings indicated that vinegar administration may have potential for improving some obesity-related parameters in 3T3-L1 cells and obese rats.
Highlights
Obesity is a disease caused by an increase in body fat tissue and the hypertrophy of adipocytes
Obesity has a direct correlation with cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and metabolic diseases such as fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and joint disorders induced by an imbalance in the metabolism of lipid and carbohydrates [1]
Prevention of obesity is achieved through dietary control; increased energy expenditure; inhibition of the proliferation, degradation, and accumulation of adipocytes; and degradation of accumulated body fats [2]
Summary
Obesity is a disease caused by an increase in body fat tissue and the hypertrophy of adipocytes. Obesity has a direct correlation with cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and metabolic diseases such as fatty liver, hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and joint disorders induced by an imbalance in the metabolism of lipid and carbohydrates [1]. Prevention of obesity is achieved through dietary control; increased energy expenditure; inhibition of the proliferation, degradation, and accumulation of adipocytes; and degradation of accumulated body fats [2]. Medications for managing obesity have been developed, these cause side effects such as gastrointestinal distress, abdominal distension, dry mouth, constipation, and hypertension. Attempts have been made to find functional materials from natural substances to manage weight effectively and safely with fewer side effects [3]
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