Comparison of ablation efficacy of excimer, pulsed-dye, and holmium-YAG lasers relevant to shock waves

Abstract

Ablation efficacy of pulsed lasers on human arterial tissue and associated shock waves have been investigated by means of excimer laser at 308 nm, pulsed-dye laser at 480 nm, and holmium-YAG laser at 2.1 μm. A multifiber catheter was used for lasing at 420 mjoules/pulse with holmium-YAG, 18.9 mjoules/pulse with excimer, and 100 mjoules/pulse with pulsed-dye laser. Ablation efficiency (ablated volume/energy) was greatest with pulsed-dye laser in blood and excimer laser in saline solution. There was selectivity for atheroma with pulsed-dye laser (ablation efficiency in atheroma versus normal tissue, 58 versus 27 × 10 −2 mm 3/joule in blood; p < 0.005) and holmium-YAG laser (12.6 versus 5.6 × 10 −2 mm 3/joule in blood; p < 0.001). Ablation efficiency of pulsed-dye laser was enhanced by blood (0.58 in blood versus 0.17 mm 3/joules in saline for atheroma; p < 0.005). Shock waves were correlated with ablation efficiency ( r = 0.63 and 0.74 for pulsed-dye laser and holmium-YAG laser, respectively). There was neither selectivity for atheroma nor influence of blood medium with excimer laser. Only holmium-YAG laser could ablate tissue at a distance from the target in the blood medium. Histologic findings showed that all lasers could create smooth-edged craters with minimal coagulation necrosis. In conclusion, laser irradiation with holmium-YAG and pulsed-dye lasers could selectively ablate atheromatous tissue with minimal thermal injury, whereas excimer laser could not. Ablation efficiency was correlated with shock waves. Efficiency of pulsed-dye laser was enhanced by blood.