Abstract
This chapter describes a variety of comparison group designs that evaluators have frequently used to assess program impacts. It points out that evaluators need to be able to explain the strengths and limitations of each design to sponsors and stakeholders so that informed choices can be made and evidence concerning program impacts can be accurately interpreted. The chapter aims at helping practicing evaluators improve their designs as much as circumstances and resources permit and be able to carefully state the limitations on the findings for any comparison group study that they carry out. The alternative comparison group designs covered here begin with the most basic design, which is labeled the naive design. It is important to note that elements of these designs can be combined to enhance the accuracy of program impact estimates.
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