Comparison between MRI and the Combination of 2D and 3D US in the Prenatal Diagnosis of Closed Spina Bifida

Abstract

Introduction: Closed spina bifida (CSB) is a rare condition with a challenging prenatal diagnosis. Herein, we assess the conventional two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound (US) combined with three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the prenatal diagnosis of CSB. Methods: In this retrospective study, we included 20 cases of fetal CSB confirmed by postnatal MRI, post-mortem pathological examination, or postpartum surgery. Prenatal 2D US complemented with the 3D US was performed in all fetuses to evaluate the characteristics of the conus, vertebral arch, and scoliosis. Moreover, MRI was performed to establish the split vertebrae, with or without a bulging mass. Thereafter, we compared the performance of the US and MRI. Results: Diagnosis accuracy of US was comparable with MRI (70% vs. 75%, κ = 0.62); US detected more cases with interpediculate distance ≥95% (55% vs. 35%, κ = 0.22) than MRI. On the other hand, MRI had a superior capacity for identifying vertebral arch fissures (20% vs. 35%, κ = 0.39). MRI and ultrasound had good agreement in the conus medullaris (65% vs. 70%, κ = 0.42) and scoliosis (45% vs. 35%, κ = 0.59). Both US and MRI detected 1 (5.0%) case with “lemon sign” and “banana sign.” The missed diagnosis rates of US and MRI were 15% (3/20) and 5% (1/20), respectively. The misdiagnosis rates of US and MRI were 15.0% (3/20) and 20.0% (4/20), respectively. Conclusion: Both MRI and 2D US combined with the 3D US had excellent performance in prenatal diagnosis of CSB.