Comparison between fractionation and bioavailability of trace elements in rhizosphere and bulk soils

Abstract

Rhizosphere is a microbiosphere and has quite different chemical, physical and biological properties from bulk soils. A greenhouse experiment was performed to compare the difference of fractionation and bioavailability of trace elements Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd between rhizosphere soil and bulk soil. In the meantime, the influence of air-drying on the fractionation and bioavailability was also investigated by using wet soil sample as a control. Soils in a homemade rhizobox were divided into four zones: rhizosphere, near rhizosphere, near bulk soil and bulk soil zones, which was designated as S 1, S 2, S 3 and S 4. Elemental speciations were fractionated to water soluble, exchangeable and carbonate bound (B1), Fe–Mn oxide bound (B2), and organic and sulfide bound (B3) by a sequential extraction procedure. Speciation differences were observed for elements Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd between the rhizosphere and bulk soils, and between the air-dried and wet soils as well. The concentrations of all six heavy metals in fraction B1 followed the order of S 2>S 3>S 1>S 4 and for B2, the order was S 2>S 3≈S 4>S 1. For B3, the order was S 1>S 3≈S 4>S 2, while for Cd the order was S 2>S 3≈S 4>S 1. The air-drying increased elemental concentration in fractions B1 and B2 by 20–50% and decreased in fraction B3 by about 20–100%. Correlation analysis also indicated that the bioavailability correlation coefficient of fraction B1 in rhizosphere wet soil to plants was better than that between either air-dried or nonrhizosphere soils. Therefore, application of rhizosphere wet soils should be recommended in the future study on the speciation analysis of trace elements in soils and bioavailability.