Abstract
The present study is to scrutinize the effect of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ ion on fluoride removal by electrocoagulation (EC) using Fe and Al electrode. The effect of charge loading (Qe), concentration of cations (Mn+=Ca2+, Mg2+ and Al3+) and anions (Xn−=NO3−, SO42− and Cl−) on fluoride removal is analysed in detail. Experimental results ensure that, in absence of Mn+, the maximum fluoride removal efficiency up to 60% for Al and 18% for Fe is achieved by EC at Qe 1620CL−1 when the initial fluoride concentration is 0.53mM. Nonetheless, the initial fluoride concentration (0.53mM) is reduced to 0.06mM (WHO recommended limit of fluoride) with the removal of efficiency up to 87% by the addition of 0.16 and 0.25mM of Al3+ (as AlCl3) in EC with Al and Fe electrodes, respectively. The maximum fluoride removal efficiency of 90% for Fe electrodes and 99% for Al electrodes is obtained through Al3+ assisted EC and Mg2+ assisted EC, respectively. The effect of co-existing anions on fluoride removal has emphasized that SO42− ions show pronounced effect compared to NO3− and Cl−. In addition to that, to elucidate the fluoride removal mechanism, crystalline nature and composition of the sludge generated in defluoridation processes by Mn+ assisted EC are also been characterized using XRD, SEM and FT-IR.
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