Abstract
Solar energy is commonly seen as a sustainable and clean energy source that can help reduce fuel pollution and address the growing energy demand of mankind due to the rapidly increasing population. Solar energy can be transformed into thermal heat and electrical power through the processes of photothermal and photoelectric conversion. Over the years, research has resulted in a range of solar cells based on photovoltaics, which can be classified into three generations. The first and second generations have been widely adopted in public infrastructure, enterprises, and homes as crucial sources of clean energy. Despite advances, there are still issues like low efficiency, high cost, instability, and manufacturing technology that prevent solar cells from taking the lead in energy supplement and replacing conventional fuel sources. In this paper, the advantages, disadvantages, current state, and future trends of the various solar cells, in particular those based on perovskite, will be discussed.
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