Abstract
The experimental (simulated) transverse momentum spectra of negatively charged pions produced at midrapidity in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at the Heavy-Ion Synchrotron (SIS), Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC), and Large Hadron Collider (LHC) energies obtained by different collaborations are selected by us to investigate, where a few simulated data are taken from the results of FOPI Collaboration which uses the IQMD transport code based on Quantum Molecular Dynamics. A two-component standard distribution and the Tsallis form of standard distribution are used to fit these data in the framework of a multisource thermal model. The excitation functions of main parameters in the two distributions are analyzed. In particular, the effective temperatures extracted from the two-component standard distribution and the Tsallis form of standard distribution are obtained, and the relation between the two types of effective temperatures is studied.
Highlights
High energy heavy-ion collisions are an important method to simulate and study the big bang in the early universe, properties of new matter created in extreme conditions, accompanying phenomena in the creation, and physics mechanisms of the creation
Some models based on the quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and/or thermal and statistical methods can be used to analyze the equation of state (EoS) at finite temperature and density, properties of chemical and kinetic freeze-outs in collision process, distribution laws of different particles in final state, and universality of hadroproduction in different systems [1,2,3,4,5]
The transverse momentum spectra of negatively charged pions produced in midrapidity range in √sNN = 2.24 and 2.52 GeV central gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions [41] measured by the FOPI Collaboration at the Heavy-Ion Synchrotron (SIS), 11.5 [42], 62.4, 130, and 200 GeV central Au-Au collisions [29] measured by the STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider (RHIC), 22.5 GeV central copper-copper (Cu-Cu) [43] and 200 GeV central Au-Au collisions [27] measured by the PHENIX Collaboration at the RHIC, and 2.76 TeV central lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions [44] measured by the ALICE Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are selected to investigate
Summary
High energy heavy-ion (nucleus-nucleus) collisions are an important method to simulate and study the big bang in the early universe, properties of new matter created in extreme conditions, accompanying phenomena in the creation, and physics mechanisms of the creation. The temperature and density described the EoS showing that the new matter created in high and ultrahigh energy ranges is not similar to the ideal gas-like state of quarks and gluons expected by early theoretical models. Based on a multisource thermal model [6,7,8,9], the rapidity and transverse momentum distributions obtained in experiments at different collision energies are studied by us in terms of two-cylinder, Rayleigh, Boltzmann, Tsallis, and other distributions. In this paper, based on the multisource thermal model [6,7,8,9], the standard distribution (Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac, and Bose-Einstein distributions) and its Tsallis form are used to describe the transverse momentum distribution of final-state particles produced in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.
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