Abstract
In recent decades, the global incidence of dengue has increased. Affected countries have responded with more effective surveillance strategies to detect outbreaks early, monitor the trends, and implement prevention and control measures. We have applied newly developed machine learning approaches to identify laboratory-confirmed dengue cases from 4,894 emergency department patients with dengue-like illness (DLI) who received laboratory tests. Among them, 60.11% (2942 cases) were confirmed to have dengue. Using just four input variables [age, body temperature, white blood cells counts (WBCs) and platelets], not only the state-of-the-art deep neural network (DNN) prediction models but also the conventional decision tree (DT) and logistic regression (LR) models delivered performances with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves areas under curves (AUCs) of the ranging from 83.75% to 85.87% [for DT, DNN and LR: 84.60% ± 0.03%, 85.87% ± 0.54%, 83.75% ± 0.17%, respectively]. Subgroup analyses found all the models were very sensitive particularly in the pre-epidemic period. Pre-peak sensitivities (<35 weeks) were 92.6%, 92.9%, and 93.1% in DT, DNN, and LR respectively. Adjusted odds ratios examined with LR for low WBCs [≤ 3.2 (x103/μL)], fever (≥38°C), low platelet counts [< 100 (x103/μL)], and elderly (≥ 65 years) were 5.17 [95% confidence interval (CI): 3.96-6.76], 3.17 [95%CI: 2.74-3.66], 3.10 [95%CI: 2.44-3.94], and 1.77 [95%CI: 1.50-2.10], respectively. Our prediction models can readily be used in resource-poor countries where viral/serologic tests are inconvenient and can also be applied for real-time syndromic surveillance to monitor trends of dengue cases and even be integrated with mosquito/environment surveillance for early warning and immediate prevention/control measures. In other words, a local community hospital/clinic with an instrument of complete blood counts (including platelets) can provide a sentinel screening during outbreaks. In conclusion, the machine learning approach can facilitate medical and public health efforts to minimize the health threat of dengue epidemics. However, laboratory confirmation remains the primary goal of surveillance and outbreak investigation.
Highlights
Outbreaks of dengue have continuously increased worldwide in recent decades [1, 2], while global warming and extreme weather conditions have worsened [3]
We investigated how to exploit machine learning (ML)-based prediction models and identified four key variables [age, fever, white blood cell counts (WBCs), and platelet counts], which are compatible with clinical and epidemiological knowledge
The ML prediction models [decision tree (DT), deep neural network (DNN)] and the logistic regression model developed for identifying laboratory-confirmed dengue cases produced areas under curve (AUCs) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves ranging from 83.75% to 85.87%
Summary
Outbreaks of dengue have continuously increased worldwide in recent decades [1, 2], while global warming and extreme weather conditions have worsened [3]. Dengue is the most influential arbovirus disease in the world, according to global morbidities and mortalities [4, 5]. To reduce the magnitude of dengue epidemics and to decrease fatalities, early detection of dengue cases through surveillance to target high risk areas and populations has become one of the most important public health strategies in many countries [6, 7]. Under-reporting or late recognition of dengue is frequent when patients present atypical symptoms/signs, including undifferentiated fever, gastrointestinal syndrome, and influenza-like illness, in children or patients at the febrile phase or at the early stage of epidemics [10, 11]. Relying only on clinical surveillance of dengue, using the definitions of suspected or probable dengue cases may jeopardize resource allocations during large-scale epidemics
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