Abstract
Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) requires additional safety countermeasures to prevent DC injection from EVs into the AC grid via Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). Moreover, for energy purchase, and even more so for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services, the EVSE must conduct high precision bidirectional power and energy measurements. This paper introduces operating principles, structure, performance, and cost comparison of three current sensing technologies—current transformer, shunt and fluxgate—for metering and protection within an EVSE, concluding with recommendations among those sensors for the most beneficial applications concerning EV charging.
Highlights
Transformerless topology inverters experience high interest due to their smaller size, higher efficiency, and lower cost compared to traditional inverters which have an isolation transformer at their output
This article recommends that the level of DC injection from electric vehicles (EVs) should be monitored via electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) as a gateway between the grid and EV’s power converters
Due to regulatory officials being especially concerned about bidirectional charging, verification of DC injection for Vehicle-to-Grid technology (V2G), which enables the bidirectional power flow between the electric vehicle (EV) batteries and the grid, may be considered especially important [4,5]
Summary
Transformerless topology inverters experience high interest due to their smaller size, higher efficiency, and lower cost compared to traditional inverters which have an isolation transformer at their output. Any transformerless faulty power converter can inject some portion of DC current into the AC grid The level of DC injection above 0.5% of the full rated output current can cause various negative effects to other equipment, such as saturation and overheating transformers and AC motors, higher losses, and acceleration of cable corrosion in the grounding wires [2,3,4] It is especially important for high power converters such as employed in electric vehicles (EVs). The paper recommends the most optimal solution for concurrent revenue metering and DC injection detection according to the system requirements listed in a Table 1 as well as possible EV charging applications for other two systems
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