Abstract
BackgroundExtrinsic black stain (EBS) is characterized by discrete dark dots or lines on the tooth surface. The relationship between EBS and oral microbiota in children remains elusive. The aim of this study was to compare dental plaque microbiome in EBS children with that in EBS-free children in the primary dentition.MethodsThe Illumina MiSeq sequencing technique was utilized in the cross-sectional pilot study to investigate the diversity and composition of the supragingival plaque microbiota from 10 EBS-positive and 10 EBS-free children. The results were analysed with nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson Chi-Square test, Fisher’s Exact test and one-way ANOVA tests.ResultsWe identified 13 different phyla, 22 classes, 33 orders, 54 families, 105 genera, and 227 species from a total of 52,646 high-quality sequences. Between two groups, no statistical differences were observed in the estimators of community richness and diversity at 97% similarity, as well as in the Unweighted Unifrac principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA). At the species level, higher level of relative abundance of Actinomyces naeslundii and lower level of relative abundance of a species belonging to Candidate_division_TM7 was observed in dental plaque of EBS-positive subjects, compared to dental plaque of EBS-free subjects (P < 0.05). This indicated that some species might be involved in the EBS process.ConclusionChanges in dental plaque microbiota is possibly relevant to the process of EBS in the primary dentition.
Highlights
Extrinsic black stain (EBS) is characterized by discrete dark dots or lines on the tooth surface
The numbers of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) (3% dissimilarity) and detailed characteristics for each sample are shown in Additional file 1: Table S1
Our findings indicated that Candidate_division_TM7 was less abundant in the supragingival plaque of Group Plaque samples from EBS-positive subjects (BP) compared to Group Plaque samples from EBS-free subjects (BFP) from the phylum down to the species level
Summary
Extrinsic black stain (EBS) is characterized by discrete dark dots or lines on the tooth surface. The relationship between EBS and oral microbiota in children remains elusive. Extrinsic black tooth stain (EBS, Fig. 1a), which is defined as dark pigmented extrinsic substance in lines or dots parallel to the third cervical line of the tooth crown in the primary and permanent teeth [1], is often associated with clinical and aesthetic problems [2]. The prevalence of EBS varies between 2.4 and 18% among different populations [3]. Based on the extension of the tooth surface area affected, Gasparetto et al. The aetiology of EBS is multi-factorial with chromogens derived from dietary and pigmented elements. Possible causes of EBS include the intake of particular foods and beverages, including tea, coffee, and red wine [5].
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