Comparing Aachen Minipigs and Pietrain Piglets as Models of Experimental Pediatric Urology to Human Reference Data

Abstract

Introduction: Swine had special roles in the development of minimally invasive procedures to treat vesicoureteral reflux, and minipigs have been gaining ground in recent years in experimental pediatric urology as they combine small size with less vulnerable adult physiology, but their suitability as a model has never been assessed. We therefore compared a landrace piglet with a juvenile minipig to elucidate comparability. Methods: We evaluated five 3-week old Pietrain piglets and five 3-month old Aachen Minipigs as representatives of landrace and minipig models based on their expected bodyweight being similar to a newborn human. We compared renal weight, volume – via the ellipsoid formula – and ureteral length. In addition, we calculated porcine renal function via Gasthuys’ formula. In order to compare the groups with previously published values for infants, we used resampling techniques to allow comparison to humans. Results: Renal weight was higher in humans than in Pietrain piglets (Δ_L = 7.6 g; Δ_R = 5.4 g) and Aachen Minipigs (Δ_L = 11 g; Δ_R = 9.4 g). Renal volumes in humans were higher than in both Pietrain piglets (Δ_L = 5.6 mL, p < 0.001; Δ_R = 3.7 mL, p = 0.004) and Aachen Minipigs (Δ_L = 8.1 mL; Δ_R = 6.6 mL; both p < 0.001). Ureteral lengths in humans and both pig breeds were comparable as were estimated renal functions between both pig breeds. Discussion and Conclusion: Both landrace piglets and juvenile minipigs are suitable models for experimental pediatric urology as parameters did not differ between them. In addition, the anatomic parameters are comparable or smaller than in infants. This might facilitate translational research as technical failure is less likely in larger organs. Additional research is necessary to cover higher age ranges than those included in the present pilot study.