Abstract
BackgroundThe success of developing cardiovascular tissue engineering (CTE) grafts greatly needs a readily available cell substitute for endothelial and interstitial cells. Perinatal annexes have been proposed as a valuable source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the potential of human Wharton’s jelly MSCs (WJ-MSCs) and amniotic membrane MSCs (AM-MSCs) as a seeding cell in CTE and cardiovascular regenerative medicine.MethodsWJ-MSCs/AM-MSCs were isolated and characterized in vitro according to their morphology, proliferation, self-renewal, phenotype, and multipotency. More importantly, the characteristics of hemocompatibility, extracellular matrix deposition, and gene expression and viability of both MSCs were investigated.ResultsFibroblast-like human WJ-MSCs and AM-MSCs were successfully isolated and positively expressed the characteristic markers CD73, CD90, and CD105 but were negative for CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. Both MSCs shared trilineage differentiation toward the adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. The proliferative and self-renewal capacity of WJ-MSCs was significantly higher than that of AM-MSCs (P < 0.001). WJ-MSCs provided comparable properties of antiplatelet adhesion and did not activate the coagulation cascade to endothelial cells. However, aggregated platelets were visualized on the surface of AM-MSCs-derived cell sheets and the intrinsic pathway was activated. Furthermore, WJ-MSCs have superior properties of collagen deposition and higher viability than AM-MSCs during cell sheet formation.ConclusionsThis study highlights that WJ-MSCs could act as a functional substitute of endothelial and interstitial cells, which could serve as an appealing and practical single-cell source for CTE and regenerative therapy.
Highlights
The success of developing cardiovascular tissue engineering (CTE) grafts greatly needs a readily available cell substitute for endothelial and interstitial cells
The extrinsic (PT) and intrinsic (APTT) pathways of the coagulation cascade were not activated with WJ-mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs); the intrinsic pathway was activated with amniotic membrane MSCs (AM-MSCs)
There was no significant difference of prothrombin time (PT) in groups (Fig. 5a) and the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of the Wharton’s jelly MSCs (WJ-MSCs) was approximated to blood sample (P > 0.05)
Summary
The success of developing cardiovascular tissue engineering (CTE) grafts greatly needs a readily available cell substitute for endothelial and interstitial cells. Perinatal annexes have been proposed as a valuable source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The tissue engineering approach and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based regenerative medicine are being pursued and increasingly regarded as the promising solution for the development of viable substitutes of heart valves, blood vessels, myocardium, and cardiac patch materials [4,5,6]. Cardiovascular tissue engineering (CTE) focuses on the regeneration and replacement of diseased cells, tissues, or organs to restore impaired function using the knowledge and techniques of engineering, materials science, cell biology, and molecular biology. Several challenges still exist in the aim to generate functional cardiovascular grafts and to explore effective cell therapies, searching for an appropriate target cell is one of the primary challenges [7]
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