Abstract
Flexible and economic sensor devices are the focus of increasing interest for their potential and wide applications in medicine, food analysis, pollution, water quality, etc. In these areas, the possibility of using stable, reproducible, and pocket devices can simplify the acquisition of data. Among recent prototypes, sensors based on laser-induced graphene (LIGE) on Kapton represent a feasible choice. In particular, LIGE devices are also exploited as electrodes for sensing in liquids. Despite a characterization with electrochemical (EC) methods in the literature, a closer comparison with traditional graphite electrodes is still missing. In this study, we combine atomic force microscopy with an EC cell (EC-AFM) to study, in situ, electrode oxidation reactions when LIGE or other graphite samples are used as anodes inside an acid electrolyte. This investigation shows the quality and performance of the LIGE electrode with respect to other samples. Finally, an ex situ Raman spectroscopy analysis allows a detailed chemical analysis of the employed electrodes.
Highlights
The development of portable, low-cost, and effective devices has been increasing over the past few decades [1,2]
The aim of this study is to compare the behavior of traditional electrodes, such as graphite electrodes (namely, Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG), graphite foil, and glassy carbon) and the innovative laser-induced graphene (LIGE) electrode
In the Introduction of this study, we summarized the wide literature produced in recent years where these innovative devices have been successfully employed
Summary
The development of portable, low-cost, and effective devices has been increasing over the past few decades [1,2]. The rapid growth of portable electronics, remote control systems, radio-frequency detectors, and micro-electro-mechanical systems has significantly increased the need for device miniaturization [18,19,20]. Their potential is becoming more evident with respect to a fast charging–discharging rate, a long cycling life, flexibility, and shape diversity, together with their functional convenient size and their lightweight [21,22]. Global climate change calls for the urgent development of carbon-neutral and renewableenergy rechargeable devices, such as batteries, and hybrid technologies, including electric vehicles [23,24,25,26]
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