Abstract
BackgroundFatty liver has become a main problem that causes huge economic losses in many aquaculture modes. It is a common physiological or pathological phenomenon in aquaculture, but the causes and occurring mechanism are remaining enigmatic.MethodsEach three liver samples from the control group of allogynogenetic gibel carp with normal liver and the overfeeding group with fatty liver were collected randomly for the detailed comparison of histological structure, lipid accumulation, transcriptomic profile, latent pathway identification analysis (LPIA), marker gene expression, and hepatocyte mitochondria analyses.ResultsCompared to normal liver, larger hepatocytes and more lipid accumulation were observed in fatty liver. Transcriptomic analysis between fatty liver and normal liver showed a totally different transcriptional trajectory. GO terms and KEGG pathways analyses revealed several enriched pathways in fatty liver, such as lipid biosynthesis, degradation accumulation, peroxidation, or metabolism and redox balance activities. LPIA identified an activated ferroptosis pathway in the fatty liver. qPCR analysis confirmed that gpx4, a negative regulator of ferroptosis, was significantly downregulated while the other three positively regulated marker genes, such as acsl4, tfr1 and gcl, were upregulated in fatty liver. Moreover, the hepatocytes of fatty liver had more condensed mitochondria and some of their outer membranes were almost ruptured.ConclusionsWe reveal an association between ferroptosis and fish fatty liver for the first time, suggesting that ferroptosis might be activated in liver fatty. Therefore, the current study provides a clue for future studies on fish fatty liver problems.
Highlights
Fatty liver has become a main problem that causes huge economic losses in many aquaculture modes
Some researchers suggest that many pathways, such as target-of-rapamycin complex 1 (Torc1), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), transcription factor EB (TFEB), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), P53, nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), c-jun Nterminal kinase (JNK), toll-like receptors (TLRs), myeloid differentiation primaryresponse protein 88 (Myd88), and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) signaling pathways, might be related to fatty liver caused by high-fat/carbohydrate or over-nutrition diet [11,12,13,14,15,16,17]
Transcriptomic differences between normal liver and fatty liver The transcriptomes of six liver samples in two groups were obtained using BGISEQ-500 Iillumina sequencing plat and each sample produced an average of 10.16 Gb clean bases
Summary
Fatty liver has become a main problem that causes huge economic losses in many aquaculture modes. It is a common physiological or pathological phenomenon in aquaculture, but the causes and occurring mechanism are remaining enigmatic. Fish fatty liver is a common physiological or pathological phenomenon in aquaculture. Nutritional fatty liver, principally caused by imbalanced nutrition supply, is common in farmed fish and generally not a pathological symptom. It can be alleviated through adjusting diet formulation or feeding. Too many affected pathways were identified and few studies had explored which key pathway was associated with fish fatty live
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