Abstract
Toxic substances released as a result of leaching from painted surfaces to the aquatic environment affect both fouling organisms and “non-target” biota. Artemia fransiscana nauplii have been considered a useful test system for the examination of toxicity for antifouling paints. In this study, we examined the effect of four “tin free” self-polishing copolymer (SPC) antifouling paints on the larval development of Artemia nauplii. Based on the L(S/V)50 values the order of toxicity of the antifouling paints was: ANTI F > SHARKSKIN > OCEAN T/F > MICRON. Furthermore, the body size of Artemia nauplii was significantly affected at lethal and above lethal L(S/V)5024h values. The body size of 48 h-aged nauplii exposed for the last 24 hours to each of the four SPC antifouling paints was significantly lower than that of the 48 h-aged controls (0.88 ± 0.030 mm). In addition, the body size of 72 h-aged nauplii maintained for the last 24 hours to pure synthetic seawater after exposure for 24 hours to each of the four SPC antifouling paints was significantly lower than that of the 72 h-aged controls (0.96 ±0.027 mm). Overall, the SPCs examined here were substantially toxic to Artemia nauplii, but with different toxicities and modes of action, as a result of the synergistic action of distinct components of the antifouling paints.
Highlights
Artemia populations inhabit about 500 salt lakes and salt works of temperate, subtropical and tropical zones [1]
In the 20th century a revolutionary self-polishing copolymer (SPC) technique employing a similar heavy metal toxic action to deter biofouling was developed with the antifoulant tributyltin (TBT) [3] that quickly dominated the markets for many decades, as it played a major role in both reducing the effects of biofouling and improving the economy of the shipping industry
Artemia nauplii of instar II-III stages were used to determine the toxicity of each antifouling paint and its effect on the body size of the organism
Summary
Artemia populations inhabit about 500 salt lakes and salt works of temperate, subtropical and tropical zones [1]. The first written reference of the phenomenon is attributed to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (4th century BC) who observed that boat speed reduction may occur due to the attachment of barnacles on the boat’s hull. To this day it is a significant problem for shipping and yachting industry worldwide because it reduces the speed of the vessel and durability and increases costs of fuel consumption. In the 20th century a revolutionary self-polishing copolymer (SPC) technique employing a similar heavy metal toxic action to deter biofouling was developed with the antifoulant tributyltin (TBT) [3] that quickly dominated the markets for many decades, as it played a major role in both reducing the effects of biofouling and improving the economy of the shipping industry. Tin bioaccumulated in some ducks, seals and fish [10] [11] and the use of TBTs was eventually banned in 2008 according to legislation that culminated in the global ban of TBTs [12]
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