Abstract
Insecticide resistance has become problematic in tropical and subtropical regions, where Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-borne arboviral diseases thrive. With the recent occurrence of chikungunya and the Zika virus in Jamaica, the Ministry of Health and Wellness, Jamaica, partnered with the United States Agency for International Development to implement multiple intervention activities to reduce the Aedes aegypti populations in seven parishes across the island and to assess the susceptibility of collected samples to various concentrations of temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, (Bti), diflubenzuron and methoprene. Of the insecticides tested, only temephos has been used in routine larviciding activities in the island. The results showed that only temephos at concentrations 0.625 ppm and Bti at concentrations 6–8 ppm were effective at causing 98–100% mortality of local Ae. aegypti at 24 h exposure. Surprisingly, the growth inhibitors diflubenzuron and methoprene had minimal effect at preventing adult emergence in Ae. aegypti larvae in the populations tested. The results demonstrate the need for insecticide resistance testing as a routine part of vector control monitoring activies in order to determine useful tools that may be incorporated to reduce the abundance of Ae. aegypti.
Highlights
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the most widespread vector found throughout the Caribbean [1] and transmits several illnesses such as dengue and urban yellow fever
The present study evaluated the susceptibility of wild populations of the mosquito vector Ae. aegypti to temephos, a larvicide extensively used in Jamaica [1], as well as a biolarvicide based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti), and insect growth regulators (IGR) such as methoprene and diflubenzuron—these latter products with no known history of use on the island
Though there was a positive correlation between time of exposure and increase in concentration of temephos with the larvae from the eastern parishes of Jamaica, minimal toxicity was observed at 1 h exposure to temephos 0.005–0.625 ppm
Summary
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the most widespread vector found throughout the Caribbean [1] and transmits several illnesses such as dengue and urban yellow fever. Given the significant impact of insecticide resistance on vector management, routine assessment of chemical resistance and the incorporation and rotation of insecticides with varied modes of mechanism [10,11] are important activities that can be incorporated in integrated vector management.
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