Abstract
A comparative study of de-icing evaluation methods was conducted in this work, and their variations in response to surface characteristics were investigated. The mechanical de-icing measurements include centrifugal, push, and tensile methods. The centrifugal and the horizontal push (shear) methods suggested a linear relationship of ice adhesion strength with surface roughness, whereas the tensile (normal) method indicated an inverse curvilinear relationship with contact angle hysteresis. A partial correlation of contact angle hysteresis on the shear-based methods was also indicated over a specified range of surface roughness. Further attempts were also made on 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane-coated surfaces, and the ice adhesion indicated a clear reduction in the normal de-icing method, whereas the shear-based methods did not show a considerable change in ice adhesion, highlighting their mechanical forces-centric response. Lastly, a further evaluation using a hybrid de-icing method was conducted, to verify the influence of surface characteristics on ice removal involving heating, which demonstrated a partial correlation of energy consumption with the ice adhesion strength over a specified range of surface roughness. The results obtained in this study provide crucial information on the influence of surface characteristics on ice adhesion and offer material-dependent correlations of the popular de-icing evaluation methods. The conclusions could be applied to define an appropriate testing method for the evaluation of icephobic surfaces and coatings.Graphical abstract
Highlights
Ice accretion is a major multibillion-dollar problem
Apart from the operational and equipment limitations, intrinsic shear or nominal adhesion force measured by the de-icing methods is dependent on interfacial contact area and the true contact area may vary with the change in surface roughness and/or wettability model
The results obtained in this study indicate that the shear-based methods are sensitive to roughness asperities, and the ice anchoring or mechanical interlocking of ice seems to be the main factors to reflect the influence of wettability on ice adhesion over a certain range of surface roughness
Summary
Ice accretion is a major multibillion-dollar problem. Multiple aspects of ice problems were widely studied, but ice detachment (de-icing) or a delay in ice formation (anti-icing) remains the primary indicator in passive icephobic studies. There is a need to initially quantify the de-icing evaluation methods, while keeping the testing parameters, such as temperature, surface roughness, wettability, and interfacial contact area, unchanged These results can prompt further understanding on the influence of surface characteristics, which may involve a systematic alternation in surface characteristics, on de-icing fracture mechanics, and the generation of stress concentrations in the ice/surface interfaces. Ice adhesion strength was measured using the centrifugal, horizontal push, and tensile methods, ensuring the same interfacial contact area and testing temperature for all the tests These methods were further debated in terms of fracture mechanics at ice/solid interfaces, possible stress concentrations, thermodynamics, and the influence of surface wettability.
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