Comparative study of the graphene synthesis process from bagasse with modified hummers, green synthesis, and thermal methods using a life cycle assessment approach

Abstract

Graphene is a new material that has received attention from researchers because of its extraordinary properties, which has led to graphene being widely used in various applications, one of which is the LiFePO4 cathode material LiFePO4 material has limited conductivity and poor ionic diffusion, the addition of 5% w / w graphene \material has succeeded in increasing the performance of the LiFePO4 cathode material by 100 times better. Problems encountered to utilize graphene material is on the way large-scale production and the manufacturing of raw materials derived from graphite. Development of modified hummer, green synthesis, and thermal methods to produce graphene using bagasse biomass-based materials has been done. The impact assessment resulting from this method is reviewed with the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach and uses the Cradle to Gate method to obtain data that shows which synthesis method is environmentally friendly. CML method on the application OpenLCA version 1.10.2 is used to process the data from the three methods of synthesis of graphene. Comparing the three methods of synthesis of graphene based on bagasse with the Life Cycle Assessment resulted in a thermal method as a environment friendly method. The thermal method requires a small mass of raw materials, chemicals, and energy to produce graphene in the same quantity. This study provides the results that the greatest contribution value to the hummer modification method and green synthesis that global warming as the biggest contributor and from thermal method the largest contributor comes from eutrophication. The results of this assessment produces the largest contribution value of methods modiified hummers and green synthesis obtained by global warming as the biggest contributors and in the thermal method the biggest contributor comes from the impact of eutrophication. The impact arising from the synthesis method graphene thermal covers acidification 0,244 kg SO2 eq, eutrophication 42.51 kg PO43- eq, global warming 21.95 kg CO2 eq, human toxicity 0.458 kg 1,4 dichlorobenzene eq, and photochemicals oxidation 0.013 kg ethylene eq. The impact that appears on this best method is still above the quality standard of exhaust gas emissions in the PERMEN LHK No. P.20 in 2017, to reduce the impact generated some corrective measures need to be done such as replacing electricity-based transportation means and efforts to recycle the nitric acid in the process of thermal methods.