Abstract
Barley sprouts (BS) contain physiologically active substances and promote various positive physiological functions in the human body. The levels of the physiologically active substances in plants depend on their growth conditions. In this study, BS were germinated using differently colored LED lights and different nutrient supplements. Overall, there were 238 varied BS samples analyzed for their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the relationship between the germinated samples and their total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and those with high levels were further analyzed for their saponarin content. Based on the PCA plot, the optimal conditions for metabolite production were blue light with 0.1% boric acid supplementation. In vitro experiments using the ethanol extract from the BS cultured in blue light showed that the extract significantly inhibited the total lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the lipid droplets in HepG2 hepatocytes. These findings suggest that specific and controlled light source and nutrient conditions for BS growth could increase the production of secondary metabolites associated with inhibited fat accumulation in adipocytes and hepatocytes.
Highlights
Sprout vegetables have been eaten in China for over 5000 years
The total flavonoid and polyphenol contents were quantified from 238 samples to investigate the effects of their growing conditions on secondary metabolite production
Sprout vegetables contain a diverse array of phytochemicals to protect themselves from external attack; levels of these physiologically active substances could change in response to the light energy received during germination [3]
Summary
Sprout vegetables have been eaten in China for over 5000 years. In Korea, bean sprouts and radish sprouts are representative of vegetable sprouts, and in Europe and Australia, sprout vegetables are consumed by more than 30% of the population [1]. Under the blue light treatment, the contents of saponarin and the genes related to the biosynthetic pathways, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, UDP-Glc: isovitexin 7-O-glucosyltrasnsferase, were highly induced during the development of young leaves [11,13]. SA was found to influence the maintenance and regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)—a protein that promotes phosphorylation It increased intracellular calcium levels and induced AMPK phosphorylation, thereby increasing endurance and improving cholesterol via inhibition of fat and cholesterol biosynthesis processes [16,17]. Conditions that might increase the production of secondary metabolites during BS germination were investigated, and the inhibitory effects of saponarin on 3T3-L1 cells were evaluated using an ethanol extract of BS cultivated under optimal conditions. The BS ethanol extract was evaluated for its potential to mitigate fatty lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells
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