Abstract
Availability of information on the deformation modulus in the initial stages of civil engineering projects related to near-surface or underground excavation is very important for design purposes. However, direct determination of the deformation modulus is a challenging task and a potentially costly one; therefore, several researchers have frequently used indirect methods to assess the deformation modulus. Of the significant number of empirical equations that can be found in literature, most are non-linear, which makes the deformation modulus a parameter that is very sensitive to the quality and types of data used.
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