Comparative study of lithium-ion battery and hydrogen fuel cell powered vehicles: Technical, economic, and environmental analysis

Abstract

The transition to sustainable energy sources in the transportation sector has led to the development and adoption of various alternative propulsion technologies. This document offers an analytical comparison between vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and those powered by hydrogen fuel cells (HFCs). It scrutinises the technical, economic, and environmental advantages and disadvantages of each. LIB and HFC vehicles are among the most notable competitors in this sector. On a technical level, LIBs offer higher efficiency and lower weight, while fuel cells provide extended range and rapid refueling capabilities. Economic modelling shows battery electric vehicles currently demonstrate the lowest total cost of ownership, though supportive policies could improve fuel cell competitiveness in heavy-duty applications by 2050. Both technologies provide major greenhouse gas emissions reductions versus conventional vehicles, with battery electric vehicles maintaining an advantage in most scenarios. However, resilient domestic supply chains for critical battery materials and hydrogen infrastructure must be established to enable wide-scale adoption. Safety risks exist but can be mitigated through preventative strategies. Overall, LIBs and HFCs have complementary strengths, positioning them to transform transportation sustainability. However, batteries currently hold advantages in light-duty vehicles, while fuel cells show promise in heavy-duty segments. Continued technology advances, cost reductions, infrastructure build-out, and supportive policies will be instrumental in realising the immense potential.