Comparative study of hybrid nanofluid flows over a bidirectional stretched surface with the impact of Hall current and ion slip

Abstract

Hybrid nanofluids generally exhibit better thermal efficiency than traditional nanofluids due to the synergistic effects of different types of nanoparticles. The combination of these nanoparticles can improve stability, thermal conductivity, and heat transfer performance. This study aims to investigate the effects of Hall current and ion slip on a three-dimensional, steady flow of hybrid nanofluid induced by a bidirectional extending surface while considering the presence of Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Gold (Au) nanoparticles dispersed in Kerosene oil and water to establish two different hybrid nanofluids. Additionally, a heat transfer analysis is conducted in the presence of Cattaneo-Christov (C-C) heat flux and variable heat source/sink. The characteristics of fluid flow are elaborated using the Tiwari and Das model, and a comparison between the two hybrid nanofluid models is presented in detail. The novelty of the envisioned model lies in the heat transfer comparison of two assumed hybrid nanofluid flows in the presence of Hall current and the ion slip over a bidirectional extended surface. The other assumed factors also boost the uniqueness of the model under consideration. To convert the flow model of partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations, relevant transformations are implemented, which are then numerically handled using the bvp4c scheme. The consequences of dimensionless quantities on flow and temperature distributions are highlighted using graphs, and the surface drag coefficients and surface heat transfer rates are also assessed and summarized. The study shows that ZnO-Au/water combination leads to higher heat transfer rates compared to ZnO-Au/Kerosene Oil. Additionally, the proposed model is validated in this research work.