Abstract
Wine processing is a specialized technology which involves sautéing crude herbal medicine using Chinese rice wine. Herein, we identified the changes in chemical profiles and antidiabetic effects of Corni Fructus (CF) after wine processing in high-fat diet (HFD) streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic mice. A novel high-efficiency method for simultaneously quantifying gallic acid, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, morroniside, loganin, sweroside, and cornuside by UPLC was developed, and validating crude and wine-processing CF was done for the first time. Mice were randomly divided into the following groups and orally given different solutions for 4 weeks: normal group (NC, 0.4% (w/v) CMC-Na), model group (DM, 0.4% (w/v) CMC-Na), crude CF group (CP, 3.87 g/kg), and wine-processing CF group (PP, 3.87 g/kg) followed by HFD and multiple subcutaneous injection of STZ (40 mg/kg) to induce the diabetes model except the NC group. Biochemical indexes (body weight, fasting blood glucose level, lipid level, insulin, and free fatty acid) and other parameters involving liver toxicity were measured with commercial kits and immunohistochemical method. Comparative studies on pharmacology showed that the crude extracts possess higher efficacy on hypoglycemia and hypolipidemia, while wine-processing products exhibit better effects on liver preservation. Our data suggested that wine processing was recommended when CF was used for protecting the liver; however, crude products should be used as antidiabetic drugs.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), known as noninsulindependent diabetes model group (DM), affects more than 90% of the diabetics and/ or leads to serious lipid and protein metabolism disorders, with a characteristic of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR), which is caused by impaired insulin secretion [1]. e current prevalence of T2DM is associated with a high calorie diet and a sedentary behavior [2], and metformin has become the preferred first-line prescribed oral hypoglycemic worldwide to treat T2DM
Validation parameters for Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) are shown in Table 1. e relationship between the peak area ratio and the concentration is linear within the studied concentration range. e correlation coe cients (r2) obtained from the least square regression analysis of calibration curve was more than 0.9996 for all the analysts. e precision, repeatability, and stability of the method, expressed by the relative standard deviation (RSD), were lower than 2.2% at each tested sample. ese results indicated that the present method has an acceptable degree of precision, repeatability, and stability
Absolute recoveries, obtained for six standards at three di erent concentration levels, show that extraction recoveries of gallic acid, 5-HMF, morroniside, loganin, sweroside, and cornuside ranged between 98.7% and 100.2%. ere were no signi cant di erences at di erent concentration levels for most of the analytes. ese results for method validation suggested that the proposed UPLC method that was developed in our study was reliable for evaluating the alcohol extracts of Corni Fructus (CF)
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), known as noninsulindependent DM, affects more than 90% of the diabetics and/ or leads to serious lipid and protein metabolism disorders, with a characteristic of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance (IR), which is caused by impaired insulin secretion [1]. e current prevalence of T2DM is associated with a high calorie diet and a sedentary behavior [2], and metformin has become the preferred first-line prescribed oral hypoglycemic worldwide to treat T2DM. Metformin alone cannot completely control blood sugar, especially when the disease becomes more severe [3,4,5]. It cannot facilitate insulin secretion, and high concentrations of metformin could stimulate intestinal cells [6, 7]. Gallic acid could protect against oxidative stress-induced damage in the diabetic state [11]. Loganin had a protective effect against hepatic oxidative stress [12]. It been reported that loganin, morroniside, and gallic acid isolated from the CF had a synergistic effect of hypoglycemic [20]
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