Comparative study of conventional time series matching techniques for word spotting

Abstract

In word spotting literature, many approaches have considered word images as temporal signals that could be matched by classical Dynamic Time Warping algorithm. Consequently, DTW has been widely used as a on the shelf tool. However there exists many other improved versions of DTW, along with other robust sequence matching techniques. Very few of them have been studied extensively in the context of word spotting whereas it has been well explored in other application domains such as speech processing, data mining etc. The motivation of this paper is to investigate such area in order to extract significant and useful information for users of such techniques. More precisely, this paper has presented a comparative study of classical Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) technique and many of its improved modifications, as well as other sequence matching techniques in the context of word spotting, considering both theoretical properties as well as experimental ones. The experimental study is performed on historical documents, both handwritten and printed, at word or line segmentation level and with a limited or extended set of queries. The comparative analysis is showing that classical DTW remains a good choice when there is no segmentation problems for word extraction. Its constrained version (e.g. Itakura Parallelogram) seems better on handwritten data, as well as Hilbert transform also shows promising performances on handwritten and printed datasets. In case of printed data and low level features (pixel’s column based), the aggregation of features (e.g. Piecewise-DTW) seems also very important. Finally, when there are important word segmentation errors or when we are considering line segmentation level, Continuous Dynamic Programming (CDP) seems to be the best choice.