Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a causative agent of serious human seafood-borne gastroenteritis disease and even death. In this study, for the first time, we obtained the secretomic profiles of seven V. parahaemolyticus strains of clinical and food origins. The strains exhibited various toxic genotypes and phenotypes of antimicrobial susceptibility and heavy metal resistance, five of which were isolated from aquatic products in Shanghai, China. Fourteen common extracellular proteins were identified from the distinct secretomic profiles using the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques. Of these, half were involved in protein synthesis and sugar transport of V. parahaemolyticus. Strikingly, six identified proteins were virulence-associated factors involved in the pathogenicity of some other pathogenic bacteria, including the translation elongation factor EF-Tu, pyridoxine 5′-phosphate synthase, σ54 modulation protein, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, transaldolase and phosphoglycerate kinase. In addition, comparative secretomics also revealed several extracellular proteins that have not been described in any bacteria, such as the ribosome-recycling factor, translation elongation factor EF-Ts, phosphocarrier protein HPr and maltose-binding protein MalE. The results in this study will facilitate the better understanding of the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus and provide data in support of novel vaccine candidates against the leading seafood-borne pathogen worldwide.
Highlights
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in marine, estuarine and aquaculture environments worldwide (Broberg et al, 2011; Letchumanan et al, 2014)
The V. parahaemolyticus strains were featured as not virulent, since amplification of toxic tdh gene was negative, whereas approximately 97.1% of the isolates yielded no product for the trh gene
Secretomes of five representative V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from the most common shrimps sold in Shanghai, China were assessed in this study (Table 1)
Summary
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in marine, estuarine and aquaculture environments worldwide (Broberg et al, 2011; Letchumanan et al, 2014). Previous research indicated that pathogenic bacteria establish infection, elicit diseases and survive in hostile environments via a large armamentarium of virulence mechanisms (Chen et al, 2012). Pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus strains have been reported to produce two major toxic proteins, thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH) and TDH-related haemolysin (TRH), in the human gastrointestinal tract where it elicits diarrhea disease (Boyd et al, 2008). Approximately 90–99% of V. parahaemolyticus isolates of environmental origins were detected negative for the two major toxic genes. Environmental isolates lacking tdh and/or trh are highly cytotoxic to human gastrointestinal cells, indicating other virulence factors exist (Raghunath, 2014). Due to the intricacy of the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus, there exists a clear need for a complete understanding of the other virulence-associated factors of the bacterium
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