Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that various aspects of reproductive biology are strikingly different among the many herds of feral horses and ponies ( E. caballus) in North America. The greatest differences include (1) sharply seasonal versus year-round mating and foaling patterns, (2) mare behavior at the time of parturition, (3) forced copulation and incest, (4) exclusive breeding by a single harem stallion vs breeding by two or more stallions, and (5) fecundity. The causes for these differences are discussed in terms of genetic origins of the various herds, the length of time each herd has been in a free-roaming state and subject to the forces of natural selection, the ecology of the ranges inhabited by these horses, population density, and sex ratios.
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