Abstract
Deer antler, as the only mammalian regenerative appendage, provides an optimal model to study regenerative medicine. Antler harvested from red deer or sika deer were mainly study objects used to disclose the mechanism underlying antler regeneration over past decades. A previous study used proteomic technology to reveal the signaling pathways of antler stem cell derived from red deer. Moreover, transcriptome of antler tip from sika deer provide us with the essential genes, which regulated antler development and regeneration. However, antler comparison between red deer and sika deer has not been well studied. In our current study, proteomics were employed to analyze the biological difference of antler regeneration between sika deer and red deer. The proteomics profile was completed by searching the UniProt database, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by bioinformatic software. Thirty-six proteins were highly expressed in red deer antler, while 144 proteins were abundant in sika deer. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins participated in the regulation of several pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome, extracellular matrix interaction, and PI3K-Akt pathway.
Highlights
Deer antlers are the mammalian regenerative organ, which is covered with abundantly vascular skin called velvet
A total of 578 proteins were identified in both the red deer antler proteome and the sika deer antler proteome, while 114 proteins were exclusively identified in sika deer antler (Fig. 1, Table S2)
We found that only 19 exclusive proteins for red deer antler were observed (Fig. 1, Table S2)
Summary
Deer antlers are the mammalian regenerative organ, which is covered with abundantly vascular skin called velvet. The antler regeneration initiates in every spring (Fennessy, 1984). The main beam of antler grows dramatically on posterior growth center (Li et al, 2014). At the fast regeneration stage, tines of antler will form on the anterior growth center. During the antler regeneration stage, the growth rate of red antler will reach to 100 g per day within 100 to 120 days (Borsy et al, 2009). The weight of the full size of red deer antler generally reached seven to nine kg (Borsy et al, 2009). The sika deer antler with three to six kg is less than red deer (Hu et al, 2019)
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