Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Syzygium formosum (Wall.) Masam Leaf and Its Biological Activities

Chang-Kyu Lee,Van Dao Nguyen,Nan-Young Lee,My Tuyen Thi Nguyen,Hye-Lynn Kim,Jong-Tae Park,Jaeyoon Lim,Khanh Hong Thi Hoang,Jaehan Kim

doi:10.3390/app112210552

Chang-Kyu Lee, Van Dao Nguyen + Show 7 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210552

Copy DOI

Abstract

Syzygium formosum (SF) leaves have long been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of skin-related diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. To understand the underpinning pharmacological mechanism of skin relief functionality, the quantitative profile of phytochemicals in the leaf extract has been performed. Twenty phytochemical components including eight flavonoids, three phenolic acids, and nine triterpenoids were identified and quantitatively analyzed from the SF leaves. The dominant flavonoids of the SF leaves were found to be catechin and myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside. Gallic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid. Among triterpenoids, asiatic acid, corosolic acid, and betulinic acid exhibited a high concentration ranging 2.78–8.59, 3.19–3.91, and 3.58–6.14 mg/g dry leaf, respectively. The total triterpenoid contents were 14.18–19.00 mg/g dry leaf which were 3-fold higher than those in the Indonesian Centella asiatica leaves. In human keratinocytes assay, industrial scale extract of SF significantly reduced expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and cyclooxygenase-2. Furthermore, that SF extract exhibited very strong antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes that possibly induce serious skin problems. Our results proved that S. formosum leaf extract with high content of biologically active compounds could be a superior bioactive ingredient in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Highlights

Syzygium formosum (Wall.) Masam, a medicinal plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family, is widely found in South Asian countries including Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, India, and Bangladesh [1]
The phytochemicals in S. formosum leaves were tentatively identified based on the retention time and mass to charge (m/z) ratio using both positive and negative ionization full scan modes
We have aimed to provide more comprehensive information of bioactive compounds in Syzygium formosum regarding the cosmetic or dermatological uses for soothing or relieving the rashes, itching, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities

Summary

Introduction

Syzygium formosum (Wall.) Masam, a medicinal plant belonging to the Myrtaceae family, is widely found in South Asian countries including Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, India, and Bangladesh [1]. Ginsenosides, which are famous and well-studied phytochemicals from Ginseng, are a glycoconjugated triterpenoid modified from β-amyrin or dammarenediol. As another example, Alisma orientale has been used for a long time in China to treat edema, leukorrhea, diarrhea, and dizziness. The phytochemicals identified as characteristic constituents in A. orientale are terpenoids including protostane triterpenoids and guaiane sesquiterpenoids. These active constituents exhibit a wide range of pharmacological functionalities such as diuretic, anti-urolithiatic, antinephritic, anti-atherosclerotic, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective activities [12]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion