Abstract
Early diagnosis of kidney diseases in avian species is limited. Endogenous markers currently used in avian practice are not sensitive enough to identify early kidney failure. Consequently, alternative markers should be evaluated. To be able to evaluate these alternative markers, an accurate marker to estimate the GFR should be validated. This study determined the GFR, measured as clearance of exogenous creatinine and exo-iohexol, in six different bird species, i.e. broiler chickens, laying chickens, turkeys, Muscovy ducks, pigeons and African grey parrots (4♀/4♂). To be able to compare the six bird species, normalization to bodyweight (BW) of the GFR was performed, after a good correlation between BW and kidney weight was demonstrated (R² = 0.9836). Clearance of exo-iohexol normalized to BW (mL/min/kg) was determined in all bird species, i.e. 3.09 in broiler chickens; 2.57 in laying chickens; 1.94 in turkeys; 1.29 in pigeons; 2.60 in ducks and 1.11 in parrots. However, these results differed significantly with the clearance of exogenous creatinine: 8.41 in broiler chickens; 9.33 in laying chickens; 5.62 in turkeys; 14.97 in pigeons; 17.59 in ducks and 25.56 in parrots 25.56. Iohexol is preferred to measure the GFR, since it is not prone to tubular reabsorption nor secretion.
Highlights
Diagnosis of kidney diseases in avian species is limited
A linear correlation (R2 = 0.9836) between BW and kidney weight (KW) was observed for the five bird species for which KW was available (Fig. 1)
The current study evaluated clearance markers to estimate the GFR in six different avian species
Summary
Diagnosis of kidney diseases in avian species is limited. Endogenous markers currently used in avian practice are not sensitive enough to identify early kidney failure. This study determined the GFR, measured as clearance of exogenous creatinine and exo-iohexol, in six different bird species, i.e. broiler chickens, laying chickens, turkeys, Muscovy ducks, pigeons and African grey parrots (4 /4 ). Early diagnosis of kidney diseases in avian species is limited because most of the commonly used markers, i.e. uric acid, are not sensitive enough to detect renal failure and urine collection is difficult to perform under clinical conditions[2]. The frequently used endogenous biomarkers in veterinary practice, namely serum concentrations of creatinine, uric acid or urea and urine specific gravity, are not sensitive enough to detect early kidney dysfunction[2]. In order to evaluate if these markers are sensitive enough to detect early renal failure, a reference standard clearance marker to accurately predict the GFR in avian species should be validated. Creatinine and iohexol have been used frequently in human and veterinary (cat and dog) nephrology[4,13,14], but not in avian medicine
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