Comparative performance of multiple energy storage systems in unified voltage and frequency regulation of power system including electric vehicles

Abstract

AbstractModern power systems are very complicated and have more obligation to uphold the supply of power be reliable, stable, and of decent quality at both the transmission and distribution phases. Preserving grid balance is a significant concern if there is an unforeseen generation deficit or grid disturbance, or intermittent renewable energy sources, such as bio‐diesel, electric vehicles (EVs), and solar power are incorporated into the energy mix. To compensate for this imbalance and enhance the power system's reliability and stability, the energy storage systems (ESS) can be regarded as an appropriate measure. Thus, ESS contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions by successfully integrating more renewable energy sources into the grid. This article presents multiple ESSs, such as pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS), accurate flywheel energy storage (AFES), battery energy storage (BES), capacitive energy storage (CE), and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMEs) and their comparative performance analysis in unified voltage and frequency control of power system. The proposed interconnected power system includes thermal, solar‐thermal, bio‐diesel‐engine generator, and EVs. In both control systems, a maiden attempt was made to utilize Harris' Hawks optimization‐based fuzzy‐fractional‐order‐tilt‐integral‐derivative (FFOTID) controller. The repercussion of PHS proclaims a substantial amelioration in system performance than other ESSs. Likewise, the system exhibits better dynamics with the coalition of PHS and power system stabilizer (PSS) of AVR compared to their separate intervention. Lastly, sensitivity analysis of proposed controller is analyzed by alteration of load perturbation and nonlinearity of thermal plants, which ensures optimal controller parameters accomplished at nominal conditions are resilient enough.