Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Wild and Cultivated Justicia procumbens L. Based on 1H-NMR Spectroscopy and HPLC-DAD Analysis.

Yong Sup Lee,Hyunyong Lee,Hwan Bong Chang,Jihyun Jeon,Mase Lee,Seung-Hwan Kim,Young Ho Kim,Hyun Sik Choi,Joobyoung Yoon,Jong Seung Kang

doi:10.3390/plants9070860

Abstract

Justicia procumbens L. is known across Korea, India, China, and Taiwan as a remedy against fever, cough, sore throat, and cirrhosis of ascites. J. procumbens provides the raw material for a candidate anti-asthma drug (DW2008S) currently completing phase I clinical trials sponsored by Dong Wha Pharmaceutical Company. HPLC-DAD was used to quantify phytochemical constituents of J. procumbens, and HPLC and 1H-NMR results were assessed by multivariate analysis. This is the first time a comparative study using HPLC-DAD and NMR fingerprints has been applied to identify chemical differences between wild and cultivated J. procumbens. The amount of justicidin B as the marker compound was higher in cultivated samples (0.80 ± 0.25 mg/g) than in wild ones (0.63 ± 0.30 mg/g). Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) from HPLC and NMR data revealed that there were clear differences between wild and cultivated types and identified five secondary metabolites, which could help distinguish between wild and cultivated plants. Among these five lignans, diphyllin showed the most potent discrimination between two types and was significantly detected higher in cultivated ones than in wild ones. A combination of 1H-NMR and HPLC-DAD analysis is effective for J. procumbens standardization and metabolomics studies.

Highlights

Justicia procumbens L. is a plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family and is widely distributed in Korea, India, Taiwan, and Southern China
Synthesized justicidin B has been used as the standard marker for quality control of J. procumbens, and its various biological activities and chemical synthesis have already been described [12,35,36]
Based on multivariate analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), the specific five lignan compounds isolated from J. procumbens have been identified as suitable biomarkers to discriminate between different collection types

Summary

Introduction

Justicia procumbens L. (known in English as Oriental water willow) is a plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family and is widely distributed in Korea, India, Taiwan, and Southern China. (known in English as Oriental water willow) is a plant belonging to the Acanthaceae family and is widely distributed in Korea, India, Taiwan, and Southern China. In. Korea, one species of Justicia is listed as Jwi-kko-ri-mang-cho [1]. The entire J. procumbens plant is commonly used in Korea, China, and India in traditional medicine for the treatment of fever, cough, edema, jaundice, sore throat, and urinary tract infection [2]. The aerial part of J. procumbens is reported as an edible plant in the Korean Food Code [3]. The powdered ethanol extract of J. procumbens (DW2008S) is currently completing phase I clinical trials and is ready to proceed to phase II as a candidate against asthma. The extract has been shown to effectively improve Th2 -driven airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction by inhibiting

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