Comparative in vitro hepatic clearances of commonly used antidepressants, antipsychotics, and anti-inflammatory agents in rainbow trout liver S9 fractions

Abstract

Residues of human pharmaceuticals are widely detected in surface waters and can be taken up by and bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, especially fish. One of the key challenges in assessing the bioaccumulation potential of ionizable organic compounds, such as the pharmaceuticals, is the lack of empirical data for biotransformation. In the present study, we assessed the in vitro intrinsic clearances (CLINT) of twelve pharmaceuticals, individually and some additionally as mixtures, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver S9 fractions (RT-S9) adhering to the OECD test guidance 319B. The test substances included four anti-inflammatory agents (diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen), seven antidepressants/antipsychotics (citalopram, haloperidol, levomepromazine, mirtazapine, risperidone, sertraline, venlafaxine) and the O-desmethyl metabolite of venlafaxine. Quantifiable intrinsic clearances were detected for diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, levomepromazine, and sertraline. Apart from diclofenac, the in vitro clearances of the other four pharmaceuticals were shown to be critically dependent on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism. Therefore, we also determined the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the same twelve pharmaceuticals toward CYP1A-like (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation, EROD) and CYP3A-like (benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-O-debenzyloxylation, BFCOD) activities in RT-S9 using IC50 shift assay. As a result, levomepromazine and sertraline were identified as the most potent inhibitors of both EROD and BFCOD activity (unbound IC50 < 10 µM each), followed by citalopram and haloperidol (10 µM < IC50 < 100 µM). Additionally, mirtazapine was a selective EROD inhibitor (IC50 ∼ 30 µM). The inhibitory impacts of haloperidol and sertraline were indicatively time dependent. Finally, we carried out intrinsic clearance assays with mixtures of diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, levomepromazine, and sertraline to examine the impacts of EROD and BFCOD inhibitions on their in vitro CLINT in RT-S9. Our in vitro data suggests that the intrinsic clearances of ibuprofen, levomepromazine, and sertraline in rainbow trout can be significantly reduced as the result of P450 inhibition by pharmaceutical mixtures, whereas the clearances of diclofenac and naproxen are less impacted.