Abstract
ABSTRACTSome well-known Clostridiales species such as Clostridium difficile and C. perfringens are agents of high impact diseases worldwide. Nevertheless, other foreseen Clostridiales species have recently emerged such as Clostridium tertium and C. paraputrificum. Three fecal isolates were identified as Clostridium tertium (Gcol.A2 and Gcol.A43) and C. paraputrificum (Gcol.A11) during public health screening for C. difficile infections in Colombia. C. paraputrificum genomes were highly diverse and contained large numbers of accessory genes. Genetic diversity and accessory gene percentage were lower among the C. tertium genomes than in the C. paraputrificum genomes. C. difficile tcdA and tcdB toxins encoding homologous sequences and other potential virulence factors were also identified. EndoA interferase, a toxic component of the type II toxin-antitoxin system, was found among the C. tertium genomes. toxA was the only toxin encoding gene detected in Gcol.A43, the Colombian isolate with an experimentally-determined high cytotoxic effect. Gcol.A2 and Gcol.A43 had higher sporulation efficiencies than Gcol.A11 (84.5%, 83.8% and 57.0%, respectively), as supported by the greater number of proteins associated with sporulation pathways in the C. tertium genomes compared with the C. paraputrificum genomes (33.3 and 28.4 on average, respectively). This work allowed complete genome description of two clostridiales species revealing high levels of intra-taxa diversity, accessory genomes containing virulence-factors encoding genes (especially in C. paraputrificum), with proteins involved in sporulation processes more highly represented in C. tertium. These finding suggest the need to advance in the study of those species with potential importance at public health level.
Highlights
The Clostridiales bacterial order contains Grampositive and Gram-negative members that display a wide range of morphological features, metabolic variations, different spore characteristics, and ecology patterns
At least 15 families fall within the Clostridiales order [3], and the Clostridiaceae family includes important opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum [4], C. perfringens [5] and C. tetani [6]
The isolates were collected during the C. difficile infection (CDI) detection scheme that was conducted on stool samples from adult patients with diarrhea in Bogotá, Colombia
Summary
The Clostridiales bacterial order contains Grampositive and Gram-negative members that display a wide range of morphological features, metabolic variations, different spore characteristics, and ecology patterns. Some Clostridiales species are beneficial to their human and animal hosts [1], but others are pathogenic and potentially hazardous to them [1,2]. At least 15 families fall within the Clostridiales order [3], and the Clostridiaceae family includes important opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium botulinum [4], C. perfringens [5] and C. tetani [6]. C. difficile, an additional Clostridiales species of public health relevance [7], belongs to the Peptostreptococcaceae family [8]. Thanks to the increased use of genomic epidemiology and metagenomics technologies [9], many Clostridiaceae species have been identified and/or taxonomically assigned [3] using classical 16S RNA sequence analyses. Information is lacking on the biological features of the recently identified Clostridiales species, despite most of them presenting a public health risk because of the severe infections they cause, their increased association with global disease outbreaks, and the emergence of
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