Abstract
Bacterial secondary metabolites have huge application potential in multiple industries. Biosynthesis of bacterial secondary metabolites are commonly encoded in a set of genes that are organized in the secondary metabolism biosynthetic gene clusters (SMBGCs). The development of genome sequencing technology facilitates mining bacterial SMBGCs. Marine Streptomyces is a valuable resource of bacterial secondary metabolites. In this study, 87 marine Streptomyces genomes were obtained and carried out into comparative genomic analysis, which revealed their high genetic diversity due to pan-genomes owning 123,302 orthologous clusters. Phylogenomic analysis indicated that the majority of Marine Streptomyces were classified into three clades named Clade I, II, and III, containing 23, 38, and 22 strains, respectively. Genomic annotations revealed that SMBGCs in the genomes of marine Streptomyces ranged from 16 to 84. Statistical analysis pointed out that phylotypes and ecotypes were both associated with SMBGCs distribution patterns. The Clade I and marine sediment-derived Streptomyces harbored more specific SMBGCs, which consisted of several common ones; whereas the Clade II and marine invertebrate-derived Streptomyces have more SMBGCs, acting as more plentiful resources for mining secondary metabolites. This study is beneficial for broadening our knowledge about SMBGC distribution patterns in marine Streptomyces and developing their secondary metabolites in the future.
Highlights
Bacterial secondary metabolites are defined as organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth and proliferation of bacteria [1], and can be classified into several categories, such as alkaloids, antibiotics, carotenoids, pigments, and toxins [2]
Marine sediment-derived Streptomyces harbored more specific secondary metabolism biosynthetic gene clusters (SMBGCs), which consisted of several common ones; whereas the Clade II and marine invertebrate-derived Streptomyces have more SMBGCs, acting as more plentiful resources for mining secondary metabolites
Marine Streptomyces is characterized by its rich species, genetic, and secondary metabolism diversities
Summary
Bacterial secondary metabolites are defined as organic compounds that are not directly involved in the normal growth and proliferation of bacteria [1], and can be classified into several categories, such as alkaloids, antibiotics, carotenoids, pigments, and toxins [2]. Bacterial secondary metabolites play an important role in defending against adversities and increasing the survival of themselves, even their hosts, due to their antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor, and antiviral activities [3,4], meaning those organic compounds have considerable application potential in human and veterinary medicine as well as agriculture [5]. Marine-derived bacterial secondary metabolites with a broad range of complex structures are increasingly becoming sources of novel natural products for discovering and developing new drugs [7,8,9,10].
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