Abstract
BackgroundDiatoms play a great role in carbon fixation with about 20% of the whole fixation in the world. However, harmful algal bloom as known as red tide is a major problem in environment and fishery industry. Even though intensive studies have been conducted so far, the molecular mechanism behind harmful algal bloom was not fully understood. There are two major diatoms have been sequenced, but more diatoms should be examined at the whole genome level, and evolutionary genome studies were required to understand the landscape of molecular mechanism of the harmful algal bloom.ResultsHere we sequenced the genome of Skeletonema costatum, which is the dominant diatom in Japan causing a harmful algal bloom, and also performed RNA-sequencing analysis for conditions where harmful algal blooms often occur. As results, we found that both evolutionary genomic and comparative transcriptomic studies revealed genes for oxidative stress response and response to cytokinin is a key for the proliferation of the diatom.ConclusionsDiatoms causing harmful algal blooms have gained multi-copy of genes related to oxidative stress response and response to cytokinin and obtained an ability to intensive gene expression at the blooms.
Highlights
Diatoms play a great role in carbon fixation with about 20% of the whole fixation in the world
Most reports from coastal Japan described blooms of the species S. costatum, which was the first described in the genus, and until recently it was believed that only S. costatum and S. tropicum appear in Japanese coastal waters
These findings from both genome analysis and transcriptome analysis are consistent each other, indicating that the evolution of growth-related genes gained in the genome by the duplication might be relevant for their higher expression required for the process of the red tide
Summary
Diatoms play a great role in carbon fixation with about 20% of the whole fixation in the world. Diploid, photosynthetic, eukaryotic microalgae, which distribute throughout marine and freshwater systems [1], and the group exists in a huge variety of shapes and sizes They contain tens of thousands of species [2], even on conservative estimates, showing their explosive diversification, yet they have appeared only since the early Mesozoic period [3]. Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve is considered to be one of the most abundant and cosmopolitan diatoms in the coastal marine phytoplankton. It features prominently as a key organism in research fields ranging from biochemistry, ecophysiology, and molecular biology to ecology, oceanography, and aquaculture [13]. Diatoms have been the most dominant phytoplankton group (> 90%) over a 35-year period, and the genera Skeletonema and Chaetoceros are two major diatom groups in Japanese waters [9]
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